by Dick Raynor
The 1972 Academy of Applied Science - Loch Ness Investigation Flipper Pictures examined, old assertions questioned and new explanations proposed.
Thirty years have now passed by since the famous "Flipper Pictures" were taken during a joint Academy of Applied Science (AAS) and Loch Ness Investigation Bureau (LNI) project at Loch Ness, and they are still frequently presented in the media as evidence for the existence of monsters. I was a crew member on the L.N.I. boat on the night of 7th-8th August 1972 when the pictures are believed to have been taken, and I was directly involved with their original publication in U.K. My analysis, published for the first time here, questions their validity as evidence of "monsters".
THE PICTURES
First Image -"Enhanced"
Copyright © 1972 Academy of Applied Science / Loch Ness
Investigation Bureau
First Image (left) and Second Image taken 45
seconds later
(as published (2) in MIT
Technology Review, March/April 1976 but rotated 180 degrees to correct
position)
First Image -"Unenhanced".
Copyright © 1972 Academy of Applied Science / Loch Ness
Investigation Bureau
The dark specks and
single hair are artefacts on my copy of the image.
The 35mm Kodachrome transparency of the unenhanced first image and the "computer enhanced" black and white image were sent to me personally by Dr. Rines prior to publication in October 1972, and can be regarded as the work of his Academy of Applied Science team. The "camera original" film used is stated to be 16 mm Kodachrome 11, with an ASA speed rating of 25.
The time-lapse camera could take photographs at a range of time intervals, and is stated to have been set at 45 seconds for this work. Individual frames are not time-stamped, so there is no way of knowing when any particular photograph was taken. I am not aware of any time-specific photographs from the '72 Expedition.
The '72 Camera and strobe rig after assembly
at Achnahannet...
...and one showing the tubes
reversed.
As will be seen in the supporting pictures, the separate camera and strobe light tubes were mounted side-by-side on a steel frame, sometimes with the camera on the left and sometimes with it on the right. The camera had a built in feature, possibly related to its origin as a WW2 gun camera, which produced a small dark triangle in the bottom left-hand corner of every picture. This is clearly visible in some of the other images taken by the same camera for calibration purposes that year and also in June 1975 when it recorded the Gargoyle Head sequence. When this small dark mark appears in uncropped published photographs it is always in the bottom left-hand corner - except, that is, in the published versions of the flipper picture! They appear to be usually presented upside down or rotated 90 degrees clockwise. In the interests of consistency I show the pictures the right way round.
THE EQUIPMENT
ARRANGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT (AAS VERSION) 
from MIT Technology Review March / April
1976
From the diagram above one would deduce that both the camera - strobe unit and the sonar transducer were installed on the bottom of the loch. This certainly was not the case on the night of August 7th - 8th 1972.
ARRANGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT - RAYNOR VERSION
Actual arrangement on night of Flipper
Picture
The black circles show the boats were
free to rotate around their moorings
The sonar transducer was attached to a piece of wood
suspended in a horizontal mode about 12 feet beneath the LNI boat "Narwhal",
which was moored to a buoy near the edge of the deeper water (possibly
the the remnants of an old river channel). The camera - strobe unit was
suspended beneath a cabin cruiser called "Nan", which was moored to a large
can buoy usually occupied by an converted motor fishing vessel called "Golden
Harvest" . This mooring was about 120 feet away and the other side of the
deeper channel. This large buoy was held in position by a heavy chain
descending to an anchor on the loch bottom. The camera and strobe were
suspended about 45 feet beneath the surface in their waterproof
housings. The sonar beam is not sharply defined,
but "weakens" by 50% (3dB) outside of the 12 degree nominal coverage, so
strongly reflective targets will be recorded at the appropriate range even if
they are outside the narrow nominal beam width.
BOAT MOVEMENT
Both boats
were free to swing on their moorings. Narwhal, with its relatively low profile
and deep keel was more likely to orient itself with the current which
circulates in Urquhart Bay in calm and light breeze conditions. Nan, with a
higher superstructure and less draught tended to respond more to any breeze
that might be around. On the night in question, the weather varied between
calm and a light breeze from a variable direction. The distance between the
boats and their orientation therefore varied all night and without
record.
SONAR EQUIPMENT
The sonar
used was a Raytheon DC 725 which used chart paper and an unusual triple stylus
system, with the three styli separated by 120 degrees. The chart paper used
showed a total of five possible distances for any given echo appearing
on the chart, generally with no sure way of distinguishing between
them.
SONAR TARGETS
There are a
number of objects which might appear on the sonar trace from time to time.
These should include random gas bubbles rising from the loch bottom, fish, the
loch bottom, Nan's hull, Nan's mooring chain and buoy, and the twin
targets of the strobe and camera tubes mounted on a tubular steel framework
(actually a set of caravan steps from Achnahannet). These are numbered in the
diagram above.
Contemporary Diagram showing proposed
interpretation.
DISCUSSION OF PHOTOGRAPHS
FOCUS
In his own
publications Dr Rines states that objects less than four feet from the
camera will not be in focus, and we see this effect in the left hand
parts of the unenhanced picture.
I should add that when transparencies are duplicated the colour balance is frequently distorted, and the green colouration is of no significance. The 1975 "Gargoyle Head" pictures were taken using a different film stock and they have a blue background - again not a true representation of the situation in Loch Ness!
LIGHTING
As a technical
photographer, I see incongruous features in the pictures and their
presentation.
In the original "unenhanced"
picture, the general impressions is that the lighting is from the left of the
camera (it can only be from the immediate left or from the immediate right)
and yet the black and white "computer enhanced" prints both show drop-shadows
beneath the edges of the "flipper" which are hard to explain other than in
terms of "artistic interpretation" - more usually described as retouching. The
artist or artists responsible have never been identified by the Academy of
Applied Sciences, but the work was clearly carried out prior to publication in
early October 72, as it was contained in the print sent to me by Dr Rines at
that time.
OBJECT ALIGNMENT
As stated
above, all indications are that the small dark patch occurs in the bottom left
hand corner of the picture, which means that the flipper is attached at the
bottom left end. If, as suggested by proponents of the photographs, the
picture shows the rear right hand flipper of an aquatic quadruped, then it
would seem to be belly up, and furthermore, static relative to the camera for
at least the 45 second interval between the two consecutive frames. This, I
suggest, is unlikely behaviour for an aquatic predator.
COMPUTER ENHANCEMENT
At
the time of their publication in 1972 much was made of the use of "computer
enhancement" to extract otherwise invisible detail from these photographs.
Manipulation of images by computer back then was real rocket science - as
evidenced by the fact the these images were said to have been enhanced at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena! However, I have two
observations to make.
Firstly, there is no evidence of pixelation in the flipper pictures circulated at the time. Microscopic examination shows film grain and a few suspiciously straight lines, but no signs of the blocks which are the data in a digital image. This is odd, because Academy of Applied Science enhancements of the Dinsdale Film, done later, did show such evidence.
Secondly, even using modern professional computer software 30 years newer than that at JPL, no-one has managed to reproduce anything resembling the published Flipper Pictures.
AAS Calibration shot of loch bottom with lighting from the left. The obscured corner is at the bottom left, and the sediment at the bottom of the picture is out of focus - it is probably less that 4 feet from the lens. The small crater with a shadow at the top of the picture is sharp.
Copyright © 1972 Academy of Applied Science /
Loch Ness Investigation Bureau
First Image
unenhanced, but colour corrected.
Note that there is not too much difference between these two pictures. In the calibration shot, the foreground does resemble a "rough textured hide", and the white specks at the left ( which are out of focus) in the First Image could be explained as particles of sediment disturbed when the unit struck the bottom and remained there for over 45 seconds. Note also that both the "flipper" and the "body" to which it would be attached appear to change shape between the first and second images, but do not move relative to the camera.
INTERPRETATION
Given the unrestricted ability of both boats to rotate on their moorings, it seems at least possible that Nan could have swung round towards the shore allowing the camera rig to touch the bottom and remain there for at least 45 seconds. The out of focus area at the top left of the First Image, noticeably absent in the Second Image, could be interpreted as a cloud of sediment stirred up as the rig touched the bottom. 45 seconds later, of course, it would have partially settled again. The shape of a gouge mark caused by the camera rig being pulled across a ridge of soft sediment would be narrow at each end and wider in the middle part - exactly as seen in the unenhanced photo.
SONAR RECORD
The
"simultaneous" sonar record used as supporting evidence at the time of
publication of the photographs shows a variety of targets at slowly changing
ranges. This is entirely consistent with a boat carrying the sonar transducer
swinging on its mooring, and "shining" its sonar beam in a variety of
directions. The sonar chart, when the transducer was pointing towards
Nan, should show the boat itself, the anchor chain, and the strobe
camera unit, all slowly getting closer to or further from the transducer as
the boats moved, together with a variety of echoes from the loch bottom which
will vary in distance at a different rate from the "Nan-associated objects".
The sonar chart does show large multiple targets in the beam at 0144 hrs, and
between 0153 and 0202. A version published elsewhere (1) show similar
targets at the same range at 0110, and between 0115 and 0120, but no other
photographs were obtained.
If the photographs did indeed show a part of a large
aquatic creature a few feet in front of the camera, and if the sonar record
were simultaneous as claimed then the camera tubes, mooring system and hull of
Nan should also be visible on the sonar record*. It would seem desirable to
identify all of the expected features of the sonar chart first, (so that they
can be eliminated) before attributing any of them to a large aquatic creature.
None of the five (perfectly reputable) authorities studying the sonar chart
for AAS are mentioned as identifying ANY of them.
* If anyone were to argue that the sonar record shows a monster
swimming in front of the camera, so large as to obscure the boat, mooring and
camera rig behind it, I would have to ask why only two photographs were
obtained of it, and where on the chart are the equipment echoes once it has
swum away.
CONCLUSIONS
There is no evidence presented which ties the time of the sonar event with the time of the photographic event, and so no correlation can be assumed.
The original "flipper" photographs do not differ significantly from test shots of the loch bottom, except for the rhomboidal mark which is consistent with a scrape or trough caused by the camera rig being dragged across a shallow ridge.
The enhanced "flipper" photographs show incongruous shadow features which I cannot explain other than as deliberate artistic improvement, i.e. "retouching".
The published sonar record and expert interpretations ignore the required presence of the suspended camera equipment, the boat "Nan" and its mooring system on the paper record, and the mobile, rotating nature of both sonar and camera.
These considerations lead me to conclude that the photographs previously described as showing the flipper of an unknown animal actually show the scrape mark and disturbed sediment created as the camera unit came into contact with the bottom of the loch.
References
1. Campbell S. The Loch Ness Monster - The Evidence (1996) ISBN 1 874744 61
2. Rines / Egerton / Wyckoff / Klein - Search for the Loch Ness Monster. MIT Technology Review March-April 1976 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All photographs are Copyright 1972 Academy of Applied Science, Concord. NH USA unless labelled otherwise .
Intellectual Property Rights Assertion. All text Copyright Dick Raynor August 6th 2002.Minor revisions May 2009 .